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Global demand to grow 3.5% annually through 2013
Global demand for hydrogen is forecast to expand 3.5 percent per annum through 2013 to 478 billion cubic meters. In value terms, this represents $29.3 billion in captive consumption and $20.8 billion in merchant gas. Growth in hydrogen demand will benefit from strong activity in the petroleum sector, where increasing demand for low sulfur fuels in response to stricter environmental regulations will increase the amount of hydrogen required to produce them. Favorable demand fundamentals for hydrogen also exist in chemical manufacturing applications, and production of semiconductors, float glass, metal components and food processing.
Merchant market poised for growth; captive consumption to remain dominant
Petroleum refineries around the world are consuming greater quantities of hydrogen and this represents the most significant opportunity to merchant suppliers of hydrogen. Of the 25.5 billion cubic meters of overall demand growth in hydrogen by 2013, almost all will be met by merchant suppliers. Nonetheless, captive and on-purpose hydrogen generated by oil refineries will still account for 70 percent of global hydrogen consumption in 2013. Non-refinery applications for hydrogen combined for eleven percent of total consumption in 2008. Of this, chemical manufacturing (exclusive of ammonia and methanol production) accounted for six percent of consumption; the remaining five percent was accounted for by other manufacturing processes and non-manufacturing applications.
Asia/Pacific to be fastest growing regional market
In 2008, North America led the world in hydrogen consumption by volume (30.5%) followed by Asia/Pacific (30%); Western Europe (18%); and other regions (21.5%). However, hydrogen demand growth in the emerging economies of China, India, and other Asian countries (excluding Japan) will make the Asia/ Pacific region the global leader in hydrogen consumption before 2013. Other regions such as Latin America, Eastern Europe and Africa/Mideast will also experience faster growth in hydrogen demand than the more mature economies of North America and Western Europe.
Hydrogen economy gains a foothold
The phrase "hydrogen economy" refers to programs or initiatives aimed at using hydrogen as an energy carrier to replace hydrocarbon fuels and reduce emissions produced by their consumption. Technologies such as fuel cells developed for cars, buses, power generation and other applications, along with the infrastructural implications of their broad and increasing use, are being demonstrated in many countries around the world. Although the market impact of global, massive deployment of the hydrogen economy on hydrogen demand is beyond the time horizon of this study, activities related to the hydrogen economy is increasing in a number of countries around the world.
Study coverage
These and other findings are contained in World Hydrogen, a new industry stud. It presents historical demand data (1998, 2003 and 2008) plus forecasts for 2013 and 2018 by region and major countries, application, source and consuming sector. The study also reviews market environment factors, assesses industry structure, evaluates company market shares and profiles industry competitors, including Air Liquide, Air Products and Chemicals, and The Linde Group.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ix
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
II. MARKET ENVIRONMENT 4
General 4
World Economic Overview 6
Recent Historical Trends 6
World Economic Outlook 9
World Population Overview 12
World Manufacturing Overview 14
World Chemical Manufacturing Outlook 16
World Energy Outlook 19
World Petroleum Refining Outlook 22
World Fuel Cell Outlook 24
World Motor Vehicle Outlook 30
Hydrogen-Powered Motor Vehicles 33
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 34
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles 37
Environmental & Regulatory Issues 37
Codes & Standards 40
III. WORLD HYDROGEN OVERVIEW 42
General 42
World Hydrogen Demand by Region 46
World Hydrogen Demand by Market 50
Petroleum Refining 52
Petroleum Refining Processes 53
Chemical Manufacturing 56
Other Markets for Hydrogen 59
Manufacturing 62
Electronics Industry 62
Food Processing 63
Metal Processing 63
Glass 64
Other Manufacturing 65
All Other 65
The Hydrogen Economy 67
General 67
Fuel Cells 69
Electric Power Generation 71
Industrial Stationary & Motive Power 72
Motor Vehicles 72
Other Transportation Equipment 74
Portable Electronics 75
Other 75
Hydrogen Production Methods 76
Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons 77
Steam Reforming 77
Partial Oxidation 77
Plasma Reforming 78
Hydrogen from Water 78
Electrolysis 79
High Pressure Electrolysis 79
Biological Water Splitting 79
Nuclear Water Splitting 79
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 80
Reactive Production 80
Solar Thermal Water Splitting 80
Hydrogen from Other Sources 81
Conversion of Biomass and Wastes 81
Fermentation 81
Hydrogen Storage 82
Pricing Trends 84
IV. NORTH AMERICA 86
Macroeconomic Environment 86
Hydrogen Demand 89
Suppliers & Market Share 91
United States 93
Canada 104
Mexico 110
V. WESTERN EUROPE 118
Macroeconomic Environment 118
Hydrogen Demand 121
Suppliers & Market Share 124
Germany 126
Italy 135
France 142
United Kingdom 148
The Netherlands 155
Spain 162
Other Western Europe 169
VI. ASIA/PACIFIC 177
Macroeconomic Environment 177
Hydrogen Demand 182
Suppliers & Market Share 185
China 188
Japan 198
India 208
South Korea 215
Taiwan 224
Australia 230
Other Asia/Pacific 237
VII. OTHER REGIONS 243
Latin America 243
Macroeconomic Environment 243
Hydrogen Demand 246
Suppliers & Market Share 248
Brazil 250
Other Latin America 256
Eastern Europe 262
Macroeconomic Environment 262
Hydrogen Demand 266
Suppliers & Market Share 268
Russia 270
Other Eastern Europe 277
Africa/Mideast 283
Macroeconomic Environment 283
Hydrogen Demand 287
Suppliers & Market Share 290
VIII. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 293
General 293
Market Share 295
Air Products and Chemicals 297
Linde Group 298
Air Liquide 298
Praxair 299
Acquisitions & Divestitures 300
Cooperative Agreements 301
Distribution 304
Tonnage Distribution 305
Liquid Distribution 306
Cylinder & Packaged Gas Distribution 307
Company Profiles 308
Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated 309
Airgas Incorporated 314
Iwatani International Corporation 316
L'Air Liquide SA 317
Linde Group 321
Messer Group GmbH 327
Praxair Incorporated 328
Showa Denko KK 333
Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation 334
LIST OF TABLES
SECTION I -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Summary Table 3
SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT
1 World Gross Domestic Product by Region 12
2 World Population by Region 14
3 World Manufacturing Value Added by Region 16
4 World Chemical Manufacturing Value Added by Region 18
5 World Energy Production by Type 21
6 World Refined Petroleum Product Output by Region 24
7 World Commercial Fuel Cell Demand by Region 29
8 World Motor Vehicle Production by Region 33
9 World Commercial Motor Vehicle Fuel Cell Demand by Chemistry, Region & Product 36
SECTION III -- WORLD HYDROGEN OVERVIEW
1 World Hydrogen Demand 45
2 World Hydrogen Demand by Region 48
3 World Hydrogen Demand by Market 51
4 World Petroleum Refining Market for Hydrogen 53
5 World Petroleum Refining Market for Hydrogen by Application & Source 56
6 World Chemical Manufacturing Market for Hydrogen 59
7 Other Global Markets for Hydrogen by Region 61
8 World Commercial Fuel Cell Demand by Application 71
9 Hydrogen Pricing & Valuation 85
SECTION IV -- NORTH AMERICA
1 North America Economic & Market Environment 88
2 North America Hydrogen Demand by Market 90
3 United States Economic & Market Environment 96
4 United States Hydrogen Demand by Market 100
5 Canada Economic & Market Environment 106
6 Canada Hydrogen Demand by Market 109
7 Mexico Economic & Market Environment 114
8 Mexico Hydrogen Demand by Market 117
SECTION V -- WESTERN EUROPE
1 Western Europe Economic & Market Environment 121
2 Western Europe Hydrogen Demand by Market 123
3 Germany Economic & Market Environment 130
4 Germany Hydrogen Demand by Market 132
5 Italy Economic & Market Environment 138
6 Italy Hydrogen Demand by Market 140
7 France Economic & Market Environment 145
8 France Hydrogen Demand by Market 147
9 United Kingdom Economic & Market Environment 151
10 United Kingdom Hydrogen Demand by Market 153
11 Netherlands Economic & Market Environment 158
12 Netherlands Hydrogen Demand by Market 160
13 Spain Economic & Market Environment 165
14 Spain Hydrogen Demand by Market 167
15 Other Western Europe Economic & Market Environment 171
16 Other Western Europe Hydrogen Demand by Market 173
SECTION VI -- ASIA/PACIFIC
1 Asia/Pacific Economic & Market Environment 182
2 Asia/Pacific Hydrogen Demand by Market 184
3 China Economic & Market Environment 192
4 China Hydrogen Demand by Market 195
5 Japan Economic & Market Environment 203
6 Japan Hydrogen Demand by Market 205
7 India Economic & Market Environment 211
8 India Hydrogen Demand by Market 214
9 South Korea Economic & Market Environment 219
10 South Korea Hydrogen Demand by Market 221
11 Taiwan Economic & Market Environment 227
12 Taiwan Hydrogen Demand by Market 229
13 Australia Economic & Market Environment 233
14 Australia Hydrogen Demand by Market 235
15 Other Asia/Pacific Economic & Market Environment 240
16 Other Asia/Pacific Hydrogen Demand by Market 242
SECTION VII -- OTHER REGIONS
1 Latin America Economic & Market Environment 246
2 Latin America Hydrogen Demand by Market & Country 248
3 Brazil Economic & Market Environment 253
4 Brazil Hydrogen Demand by Market 255
5 Other Latin America Economic & Market Environment 259
6 Other Latin America Hydrogen Demand by Market & Country 262
7 Eastern Europe Economic & Market Environment 266
8 Eastern Europe Hydrogen Demand by Market & Country 268
9 Russia Economic & Market Environment 273
10 Russia Hydrogen Demand by Market 275
11 Other Eastern Europe Economic & Market Environment 280
12 Other Eastern Europe Hydrogen Demand by Market & Country 283
13 Africa/Mideast Economic & Market Environment 287
14 Africa/Mideast Hydrogen Demand by Market & Country 290
SECTION VIII -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
1 Merchant Hydrogen Sales by Company, 2008 295
2 Selected Cooperative Agreements 302
LIST OF CHARTS
SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT
1 World Energy Production by Type, 1998-2018 21
2 World Commercial Fuel Cell Demand by Region, 2008 30
SECTION III -- WORLD HYDROGEN OVERVIEW
1 World Hydrogen Demand by Region, 2008 49
2 Share of Market Growth by Region, 2008-2013 49
3 World Hydrogen Demand by Market, 2008 51
SECTION IV -- NORTH AMERICA
1 North America Hydrogen Demand by Country, 2008 90
2 North America Merchant Hydrogen Market Share, 2008 93
SECTION V -- WESTERN EUROPE
1 Western Europe Hydrogen Demand by Country, 2008 124
2 Western Europe Merchant Hydrogen Market Share, 2008 126
SECTION VI -- ASIA/PACIFIC
1 Asia/Pacific Hydrogen Demand by Country, 2008 185
2 Asia/Pacific Merchant Hydrogen Market Share, 2008 188